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Contoh Soal Penurunan Tekanan Uap Berdasarkan

Contoh Soal Penurunan Tekanan Uap Berdasarkan

Dunia kimia dipenuhi dengan fenomena menarik, salah satunya adalah penurunan tekanan uap. Fenomena ini, di mana tekanan uap suatu larutan berkurang karena penambahan zat tidak volatil, dapat menyajikan tantangan sekaligus peluang bagi para ilmuwan. Artikel ini akan menyajikan serangkaian contoh soal penurunan tekanan uap, memberikan pemahaman mendalam tentang prinsip-prinsipnya dan aplikasi praktisnya. Soal-soal ini dirancang untuk menguji pemahaman pembaca tentang konsep penurunan tekanan uap dan untuk melatih keterampilan memecahkan masalah mereka dalam konteks kimia larutan.

Cara Menghitung Penurunan Tekanan Uap

Penurunan tekanan uap adalah fenomena di mana tekanan uap suatu larutan lebih rendah dibandingkan tekanan uap pelarut murninya. Fenomena ini terjadi karena penambahan zat terlarut ke dalam pelarut, sehingga partikel pelarut yang berpindah ke fase uap berkurang. Akibatnya, jumlah partikel uap yang terbentuk berkurang, sehingga tekanan uap larutan juga berkurang.

Secara matematis, penurunan tekanan uap dapat dihitung menggunakan Hukum Raoult. Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa tekanan uap parsial suatu zat dalam larutan ideal sebanding dengan fraksi mol zat tersebut dalam larutan. Dengan demikian, penurunan tekanan uap dapat dihitung sebagai:

$$ΔP = P^o – P = P^oX_2$$

di mana:

* ΔP adalah penurunan tekanan uap
* P^o adalah tekanan uap pelarut murni
* P adalah tekanan uap larutan
* X_2 adalah fraksi mol zat terlarut dalam larutan

Formula Penurunan Tekanan Uap

Penurunan tekanan uap adalah fenomena penurunan tekanan uap suatu cairan yang disebabkan oleh adanya zat terlarut dalam cairan tersebut. Penurunan tekanan uap ini terjadi karena adanya interaksi antara molekul pelarut dengan molekul zat terlarut, yang menghalangi penguapan cairan.

Persamaan Penurunan Tekanan Uap

Penurunan tekanan uap dapat dihitung menggunakan persamaan penurunan tekanan uap berikut:

ΔP = Kf x m

di mana:

– ΔP adalah penurunan tekanan uap (Pa)
– Kf adalah konstanta penurunan tekanan uap (mol/kg)
– m adalah molalitas larutan (mol/kg)

Kf adalah konstanta yang khas untuk setiap pelarut. Nilai Kf untuk beberapa pelarut dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut:

| Pelarut | Kf (mol/kg) |
|—|—|
| Air | 0,512 |
| Metanol | 0,864 |
| Etanol | 1,15 |
| Dietil eter | 2,51 |

Dengan mengetahui nilai Kf dan molalitas larutan, kita dapat menghitung penurunan tekanan uap yang terjadi pada cairan tersebut.

Contoh Soal dan Pembahasan

**Soal:**

Senyawa benzena (C₆H₆) memiliki tekanan uap sebesar 75,2 mmHg pada suhu 298 K. Jika 1,0 mol benzena dilarutkan dalam 100 mol benzena, hitung penurunan tekanan uap larutan.

**Pembahasan:**

1. Menghitung fraksi mol benzena murni (P⁰) menggunakan perbandingan jumlah mol:

P⁰ = 1 mol / (1 mol + 100 mol) = 0,01

2. Mencari tekanan uap larutan (P) menggunakan persamaan penurunan tekanan uap Raoult:

P = P⁰ x X

3. Mencari penurunan tekanan uap (ΔP) sebagai selisih antara tekanan uap murni dan tekanan uap larutan:

ΔP = P⁰ – P

ΔP = 75,2 mmHg – (0,01 x 75,2 mmHg)

ΔP = 75,2 mmHg – 0,752 mmHg

**ΔP = 74,448 mmHg**

Sebagai penutup, pemahaman akan konsep penurunan tekanan uap sangat penting dalam berbagai bidang kimia. Contoh soal penurunan tekanan uap yang dibahas dalam artikel ini menyoroti penerapan prinsip-prinsip ini untuk menghitung perubahan tekanan uap larutan. Perhitungan ini sangat berguna dalam menentukan komposisi larutan, sifat koligatif, dan perilaku sistem kesetimbangan. Dengan menguasai konsep dan teknik yang diilustrasikan dalam contoh soal ini, individu akan diperlengkapi dengan alat yang ampuh untuk memecahkan masalah terkait penurunan tekanan uap dan memperoleh wawasan tentang perilaku larutan.

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